{"id":9462,"date":"2025-09-25T21:34:48","date_gmt":"2025-09-25T21:34:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sandbox2.foxtrotdev.com\/?p=9462"},"modified":"2025-12-13T02:13:41","modified_gmt":"2025-12-13T02:13:41","slug":"drug-advertising-pre-and-post-pure-food-and-drug-act","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sandbox2.foxtrotdev.com\/?p=9462","title":{"rendered":"Dose of History – Drug Advertising pre and post Pure Food and Drug Act"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Example of advertisement prior to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act. The product is intended to be given to children. The contents of the medicine are not known.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Another example of advertisement prior to the Pure Food and Drug Act.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Throughout 1905 and 1906, the American magazine Collier\u2019s<\/em> published a series of articles by journalist Samuel A. Hopkins exposing the \u201cfraud and poison\u201d of the American pharmaceutical industry. One practice that drew Adams\u2019 particular ire was the manufacture and sale of patent medicines\u2013that is, medicines sold under brand names that were freely available without the need to obtain a prescription. At the time, there was no legislation at the federal level that regulated the advertising for these medicines, and misleading or outright false claims were very common. Additionally, manufacturers were free to put intoxicants and adulterants into their medicines with no obligation to make the formula public. Hopkins argued that these medicines\u2013often advertised to mothers of young children\u2013were creating addicts at an early age and resulted in disastrous effects to the consumers\u2019 health.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Example of an advertisement for a cough syrup containing morphine, chloroform, and alcohol.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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Hopkins\u2019 articles, later compiled as a book titled The Great American Fraud<\/em>, were written at a time when political agitation for safer food and drugs was reaching its zenith. In the late 19th and early 20th century a variety of political movements made regulatory legislation a political goal, including the Progressive movement, the women\u2019s suffrage movement, and the Temperance movement. These groups found a friend in Harvey W. Wiley, the chief chemist of the USDA and later the head of the Bureau of Chemistry. Partially due to Wiley\u2019s efforts, several bills which would regulate food quality were introduced between 1880 and 1905, but none would pass both the House and the Senate. In the meantime, Wiley would raise awareness of the dangers of food adulterants by running government-funded medical trials where volunteers consumed chemicals such as formaldehyde and borax. These experiments\u2013much like Hopkins\u2019 writings\u2013quickly became a cultural sensation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Physicians and pharmacists were generally in favor of stricter regulation. Several major medical publications such as the Journal of the American Medical<\/em> Association<\/em> and American Medicine <\/em>published articles warning doctors against patent medicines and would express support for legislation. Additionally, some food companies such as H. J. Heinz and many smaller businesses supported the implementation of quality standards. This may seem paradoxical, but increased regulation came with noticeable benefits for businesses: healthier workers, increased consumer confidence, and a consistent set of rules which held across state lines could all result in increased profits and lower operating costs. Of course, not every business stood to gain from increased regulation. Patent medicine manufacturers lobbied hard to kill any proposed legislation, often with great success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Advertisement for cough syrup made after 1906 stating compliance with the Pure Food and Drug Act.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Advertisement for an inhaler containing ether, alcohol, and chloroform made after the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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In 1906, the support for quality standards gained enough momentum to result in the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act. However, the scope of the Pure Food and Drug Act was quite limited. For the most part, the act regulated how manufacturers advertised their products rather than how they manufactured them. Producers were required to disclose any adulterants, preservatives, or narcotics they put into their products but there was no federal legislation actually preventing them from using them. The principal mechanism of enforcement was the seizure of mislabelled substances and prosecution of manufacturers. Although a significant amount of this enforcement was directed against the patent medicine industry, the prosecution had little effect as a deterrent since claims of fraud were often difficult to prosecute. These shortcomings would pave the way for more detailed legislation in subsequent decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This\u00a0Dose of History\u00a0<\/strong>was brought to you by AIHP Intern, Leo Ryan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Bibliography:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hopkins, Samuel Adams. The Great American Fraud<\/em>. New York: Collier\u2019s, 1906. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/greatamericanfra00adam. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fee, Elizabeth. \u201cSamuel Adams Hopkins (1871-1958): Journalist and Muckraker.\u201d American Journal of Public Health 100, no. 8 (2010): 1390-1391. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC2901284\/#bib2. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Valuck, Robert J., Suzanne Poirier, and Robert G. Mrtek. \u201cPatent Medicine Muckraking: Influences on American Pharmacy, Social Reform, and Foreign Authors.\u201d Pharmacy in History<\/em> 34, no. 4 (1992): 183\u201392. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41111483.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Young, James Harvey. \u201cTwo Hoosiers and the Two Food Laws of 1906.\u201d Indiana Magazine of History<\/em> 88, no. 4 (1992): 303\u201319. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/27791608.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Law, Marc T. \u201cHow Do Regulators Regulate? Enforcement of the Pure Food and Drugs Act, 1907-38.\u201d Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization<\/em> 22, no. 2 (2006): 459\u201389. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4152843.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wood, Donna J. \u201cThe Strategic Use of Public Policy: Business Support for the 1906 Food and Drug Act.\u201d The Business History Review 59, no. 3 (1985): 403\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3114005.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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